In Ayurveda, manas (mind) is considered both a sensory and cognitive organ that bridges the ātman (soul), śarīra (body), and indriyas (senses). Classified as one of the nine kāraṇa dravyas (causative factors) and described as an amūrta dravya (non material substance), its existence is inferred from function rather than form. Vedic and classical texts link mental illness to imbalances in the mental qualities (sattva, rajas, tamas) and to emotions such as anger, jealousy, and grief. This work aims to compile and critically review descriptions of manas roga (mental disorders) and their treatments found in Vedic, Purāṇic, and classical Ayurvedic literature, and to relate these concepts to modern scientific understandings of mental health. A narrative literature review was conducted using primary Sanskrit sources (e.g., Rigveda, Atharvaveda, Caraka Saṃhitā, Suśruta Saṃhitā) alongside contemporary commentaries and peer reviewed biomedical research. In addition to printed sources, e-books on Ayurveda from the website of the National Institute of Indian Medical Heritage, under the Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, were also referred to. Key Ayurvedic constructs were mapped to modern psychopathological frameworks to identify convergences and gaps. Vedic hymns portray mental disturbance as arising from supernatural forces and negative emotions. Ayurvedic treatises define disorders such as unmāda (insanity), apasmāra (epilepsy), and atatvābhiniveśa (delusional thinking), emphasising diagnostic factors like constitution (prakṛti), mental strength (sattva), heredity, and environment. Sattvavajaya cikitsā (psychotherapy) strengthens the mind through knowledge, discernment, willpower, memory, and meditative absorption. Imbalances in rajas (agitation) and tamas (lethargy) are primary etiological agents; unchecked anger and ego further precipitate cognitive and behavioural dysfunction. Management protocols include medhya rasāyanas (e.g., Brahmi, Śaṅkhapuṣpī, Maṇḍūkaparṇī), pañcakarma detoxification, daily routines (dinācāryā), dietary regulation, yoga, prāṇāyāma, mantra chanting, and meditation. In conclusion, Ayurveda offers a biopsychosocial model of mental health that anticipates many modern integrative approaches. Its holistic treatments aim to restore sattva (clarity), reduce excess rajas and tamas, and reinforce mental resilience. Bridging these traditional insights with contemporary research could enrich evidence based mental health care and inspire novel therapeutic strategies.